Stimulating Agricultural Profitability, Developing Small Farms, and Enhancing Sustainability of Natural Resources, Wildlife, and the Environment Plan of Work
Shelby County CES
County Emphasis:
Stimulating Agricultural Profitability, Developing Small Farms, and Enhancing Sustainability of Natural Resources, Wildlife, and the Environment
Concentration 1:
Animal Production and Management
Concentration 2:
Plant Production and Management
Concentration 3:
Sustainability, Natural Resources and Wildlife Management, and Environment
Concentration 4:
Small Farm Development
Situation:
Animal Production & Management
Kentucky’s animal production and management strategies encompass sustainable practices, health-focused care, and economic viability across all species thus contributing significantly to the state’s agricultural landscape. Beef cattle play a crucial role in converting Kentucky’s vast 7 million acres of pasture and forage into valuable products. CES focuses on sustainable grazing practices and ensuring optimal use of natural resources like land and water.
Kentucky is renowned as the Horse Capital of the World and is home to a diverse equine population, including thoroughbreds, stock horses, standardbreds, and other breeds. Kentucky’s horse industry focuses on breeding excellence. Many commercial swine farms operate in the state, focusing on efficient growth and high-quality pork. Swine farmers implement strict biosecurity protocols to prevent disease transmission and minimize stress. Kentucky’s small ruminant producers raise various sheep and goat breeds for meat, fiber, and dairy purposes. Small ruminants thrive on pasture-based systems, utilizing natural forage with a priority on health management, including vaccinations, parasite control, and nutrition.
Poultry is the number one agricultural industry in the state, contributing significantly to the economy. The poultry sector contains thriving broiler industry for meat production and laying hens for egg production. Many small flock owners raise chickens for personal consumption or local markets. Implementing conservation practices that protect soil and water resources will ensure the long-term sustainability of Kentucky farmland and improve resilience to climate variability.
To meet the needs of Kentucky animal producers CES Extension will create or expand its efforts to offer need-based education and producer-focused programming for all species. Current/future activities include introducing programs to address and improve specific management systems and introduce new and emerging techniques, technology, and production systems for increased efficiency and profitability.
Youth Focus
Kentucky’s youth should have access to education and life-skills in animal production and management. According to the 2022 U.S. Census of Agriculture, Kentucky has seen a decline in the number of farms and agricultural land, alongside a slight increase in the average age of producers and farm size. Successful operation of farms and ranches requires business skills, ongoing training and education, and safety awareness (USDA, 2024). The University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service Community Needs Assessment (2023) highlights key agricultural priorities, including youth life skill training, workforce readiness, access to affordable and nutritious food, support for the local agriculture industry, and promoting agricultural literacy among youth. 4-H projects in animal production and management can help young people develop life skills, learn about responsibility, and gain content knowledge about animals through breeding or market projects.
Plant Production & Management
Optimizing plant, crop and forage production is paramount as Kentucky producers navigate the challenges of economics, climate variability, and evolving consumer demands. Key challenges and strategies to enhance sustainable practices across various agricultural domains include: rising input costs (seeds, fertilizers, machinery), crop price fluctuations, knowledge of soil health, and water management to produce high yielding crops for long-term productivity.
Producers use data-driven approaches for efficient resource utilization while exploring new crop varieties for pest resistance and yield improvement. As technology advances, producers will need to adopt remote sensing technologies to monitor soil health, moisture, and other parameters to increase efficiency. Implementing conservation practices that protect soil and water resources will ensure the long-term sustainability of Kentucky farmland and improve resilience to climate variability.
Sustainability, Natural Resources and Wildlife Management, & Environment
Ensuring the sustainability of Kentucky woodlands and natural resources, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs, faces many challenges. Many landowners struggle to implement sustainable practices due to economic pressures, lack of access to technology, and workforce. The situation is exacerbated by development and the increasing demand for food, which often leads to the overuse of land and water resources, contributing to soil degradation, deforestation, and water scarcity.
Kentucky is blessed with a rich array of natural resources, including vast forests, abundant waterways, and wildlife. With woodlands in each of the 120 counties and forest industries in 110 counties, Kentuckians in both rural and urban areas all derive benefits from woodlands. Hardwood forests cover 50% of Kentucky and 473,000 individuals own 88% of the 12.4 million forested acres in the state. Forests stimulate the Kentucky economy through employment and production to the tune of $13 billion annually and there are over 28,000 jobs in Kentucky’s forest sector. Forests provide recreational opportunities and are a powerful tool in efforts to promote sustainability and support native diversity. Wildlife management programs assist landowners through both urban and rural wildlife management and damage control initiatives.
However, Kentucky’s forests and natural areas face growing risks. Threats from climate change are increasing as evidenced by some of the warmest and wettest years on record during the past decade and Kentucky is ranked as the ninth most vulnerable state in the country by long-term climate change impacts. Extreme weather events, such as the December 2021 tornado in Western Kentucky and the 2022 flooding in Eastern Kentucky are becoming more frequent and severe. In addition, a wide range of invasive species (including insects, pathogens, animals, and plants) can cause problems in woodlands, forests and other natural areas, threatening management and long-term sustainability.
Kentucky’s Extension remains committed to developing adaptive management strategies for the critical issues facing the sustainability of farms, natural areas, and forests for today and in the future. Implementing soil and water conservation practices in both urban and rural watersheds is critical to the long-term sustainability of Kentucky’s natural resources.
Youth Focus
Educating youth about natural resources and environmental sciences is crucial for our future, as it empowers them to become proactive stewards of our planet. The Kentucky 4-H Youth Development Program aims to boost environmental literacy among youth, addressing a significant gap in environmental knowledge revealed by surveys from the Kentucky Environmental Education Council. America’s prosperity is inseparably linked to the health of our environment. A healthy environment is an essential component of the quality of life of humans and all living organisms (USDA, 2024). Optimistically, the National 4-H Council’s 2024 Index Survey found that 83% of youth enjoy science, 66% see it as a problem-solving tool, and 62% are interested in science-related careers. The University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension System’s 2023 assessment identified key priorities such as youth life skill training, workforce readiness, and promoting natural resource literacy. Through 4-H projects in natural resources and environmental sciences, young people develop life skills, learn responsibility, and gain knowledge about sustaining our natural resources through various projects and programs.
Current and continuing practices involve cover crops to reduce erosion resulting in enhanced soil health as well as rotating crops to break pest cycles, improve soil fertility, and reduce disease pressure. Extension programming will encourage diverse crops and horticulture species to reduce risk and explore specialty crops, such as berries, herbs, and ornamental plants. Extension Specialists continue to educate farmers on forage species selection for hay production and livestock nutrition, advise on implementing integrated pest management and organic production practices (to minimize chemical inputs while still effectively managing pests), select climate-adapted crop varieties, and prepare for extreme weather events through adaptation and disaster readiness programs.
To meet the needs of producers, agents and specialists will continue to disseminate research-based information, offer workshops, field days, online resources, support local farmer’s markets, community gardens, community supported agriculture, and urban horticulture initiatives.
Youth Focus
Educating youth about plant production and soil science is crucial for the future of agriculture, empowering them to innovate and address current and future agricultural challenges. The National 4-H Council’s 2024 Index Survey revealed that 83% of youth enjoy science, 66% view it as a tool for problem-solving, and 62% are interested in science-related careers. The 2022 U.S. Census of Agriculture highlights trends in Kentucky, such as a decrease in the number of farms, reduced agricultural land, an aging producer population, and larger farm sizes. Key priority issues identified by the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension System Community Needs Assessment (2023) include youth life skill training opportunities, youth workforce readiness, access to affordable, nutritious food, support for the local agriculture industry, and promoting youth agriculture literacy. 4-H projects in plant production and soil science can help young people develop life skills, learn responsibility, and gain knowledge about these fields through horticulture, plant science, and soil science projects and programs.
Small Farm Development
Small farm development is a crucial aspect of the Kentucky agricultural sector, especially in the context of supporting rural economies and ensuring food security. The National
Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA) defines a small farm as an operation with a gross cash farm income of $250,000 or less. These farms are typically family-owned and operated, and they represent more than 90 percent of farms in the U.S. These farms face challenges such as urbanization, an aging farmer population, farm consolidation, new and beginning farmers, and changing climate patterns.
Small farms play a vital role in the competitiveness and sustainability of rural and farm economies, protecting and enhancing natural resources and the environment, and maintaining rural populations. Urban small scale farm production is an emerging and fast grow segment of farm economies. The development and sustainability of small farms is important in providing a nursery for new enterprises and marketing systems, which is crucial for innovation and diversification in agriculture. Small farm development can be hindered by access to capital, markets, and technology. Additionally, owners of small farms may lack the knowledge or resources to implement sustainable practices that could improve their economic viability and environmental stewardship.
Kentucky Cooperative Extension will continue to aid small farm owners by providing educational opportunities and increasing awareness of resources offered through various programs and online platforms. This includes developing new and improved practices to reduce production costs, protect and improve soil and water resources, and offer options for specialty crop production. Extension personnel will also promote whole farm plans, estate planning, farm transitions, risk management, and market opportunities.
The development of small farms is imperative for the health of Kentucky’s agricultural sector, rural communities and emerge urban agriculture.
County Situation:
Shelby County’s agricultural sector focuses on sustainable animal and plant production practices to enhance economic viability and long-term sustainability. Key areas include beef cattle, horses, and small ruminants. The county’s animal industries prioritize sustainable grazing, health management, and biosecurity. Shelby County’s 4-H youth programs help educate young people about animal care and production skills.
In plant production, the county faces challenges such as rising input costs and climate variability. Producers focus on efficient resource use, pest-resistant crops, and conservation practices to ensure long-term productivity. Educational initiatives aim to enhance youth knowledge in plant science, soil management, raising food, and sustainability.
Shelby County’s natural resources are vital for the economy but face pressures from climate change, invasive species, and overuse. Extension programs support adaptive management strategies, promoting soil and water conservation and sustainable land use. The 4-H program also encourages environmental literacy among youth.
Small farm development is crucial for Shelby County’s rural economy, with a focus on supporting family-owned farms facing challenges like urbanization, aging farmers, and access to resources. Shelby County is home to a growing number of new landowners seeking educational resources and consultation. Extension services provide educational resources to enhance sustainability, improve economic viability, and foster innovation on small farms.
Long-Term Outcomes:
- Increase the use of sustainable management practices across all production methods and species.
- Producers are routinely implementing guidelines and recommendations for efficient and financially sound production demonstrating sustainable behavior change.
- Increase the quality of beef cattle produced annually contributing to increased and more stable financial position of cattle operations.
- Producers are routinely following Beef Quality Care & Assurance standards to produce healthy and high-quality beef.
- Increase the quality of small ruminants annually contributing to increased and more stable financial position of small ruminant operations.
- Achieve long-term sustainability and resilience through the widespread adoption of practices that enhance soil productivity, conserve water, and optimize resource use, leading to resilient agricultural systems capable of withstanding economic and environmental fluctuations.
- Strengthen local economies through improved farm sustainability and profitability, which are economic multipliers in local communities. Helping farm families successfully transition to subsequent generations. Helping new and beginning farmers enter farming operations.
- Wildlife habitat is increased and improved.
- The sustainability of agricultural operations is increased and opportunities for further growth are improved.
- Strive to have all participating small farms fully implement sustainable practices that protect and enhance natural resources.
- Enhance the role of small farms in maintaining rural populations and contributing to cultural heritage, ensuring that these communities remain vibrant and connected.
- Youth will make informed decisions regarding agricultural products and services.
- Youth will advocate for agriculture and sustainable fiber and food production in their communities.
- Youth will be life and work ready, contributing to the agricultural community as consumers, leaders, and innovators.
- Youth will advocate for natural resources in their communities.
- Youth will be life and work ready, contributing to the natural resources community as consumers, leaders, and innovators.
- Youth actively adopt and apply advanced natural resources practices, demonstrating a growing commitment to the natural resources community.
Intermediate Outcomes:
- Increase or strengthen partnerships or relationships with commodity groups to address sustainable management strategies, health-focused care, and economic viability for all livestock
- Judicious use of pesticide-based disease management.
- Proper implementation of technologies to help farmers, crop consultants, and pesticide applicators monitor, document, plant, harvest, and manage crops and forages. Technologies can include, but are not limited to, global navigation systems, section controls, applicator maps, soil sampling maps, yield maps, unmanned aerial vehicles, genetic traits, data analysis, etc.
- Implement climate resilience strategies to withstand the increasing frequency of extreme weather events, sustainable water management, and adapting wildlife management to preserve biodiversity under changing climate conditions.
- Assist small farm owners in developing and implementing comprehensive whole farm plans that address financial, production, and environmental aspects.
- Support the establishment of new farm enterprises that can offer innovative products and practices, enhancing the economic resilience of the small farm sector.
- Increase the accessibility of modern agricultural technologies to small farms, coupled with training programs that enable owners to effectively use these technologies.
- Youth will practice skills gained from 4-H agricultural projects and clubs.
- Youth will communicate agricultural ideas and concepts more effectively.
- Youth actively adopt and apply advanced agricultural practices, demonstrating a growing commitment to the agricultural community.
- Youth will take responsible action in natural resources conservation.
- Youth will aspire to explore careers in natural resources and environmental sciences.
Initial Outcomes:
- Increase knowledge about sustainable and economically viable management practices.
- Increase skills related to efficient production methods across all species.
- Increase confidence in implementing new and emerging techniques, technology, and production systems.
- Increase confidence in making decisions related to promoting animal health-related behavior.
- Increase intentions to employ financially sound behavior regarding production methods, use of financial tools, health-focused care, and the human-animal interaction.
- Stakeholders have knowledge and tools needed to better protect crops from diseases and to understand the benefits of adopting best disease management practices and resistance mitigation
- Stakeholders are more aware of current and new and/or emerging disease issues
- Stakeholders have access to timely diagnostics to avoid or reduce the impact of disease outbreaks
- Fulfillment of annual GAP Training requirements for GAP Certification of tobacco producers.
- Increase knowledge and skills of individuals in both urban and rural settings to address immediate wildlife-related challenges and enhance biodiversity.
- Develop and launch targeted educational programs that focus on sustainable practices, risk management, and cost reduction specifically tailored for small farm owners.
- Organize community events and workshops that foster networking among small farm owners and promote the sharing of best practices and innovations.
- Youth will explore their spark in agriculture and natural resources.
- Youth will gain knowledge and develop skills in agriculture, natural resources, and environmental sciences
- Youth will develop a greater awareness and appreciation for the impact of agriculture in their daily life.
- Youth will expand life and work readiness skills, gaining awareness of the diverse opportunities within fields of agriculture, natural resources, and environmental sciences.
- Youth will understand how their actions and choices impact natural resources and the environment.
- Youth will set goals to become good stewards of natural resources.
Evaluation:
Outcome: Increased application of recommended horticultural practices for commercial and non-commercial production
Indicators:
- Number of people that implemented environmental stewardship.
- Number of people that reduced pesticide applications.
- Number of trained volunteers.
- Number of self-reported volunteer hours.
- Number of producers who reported reduced production inputs/costs.
- Number of producers who reported increased yield.
- Number of new or beginning specialty crop growers.
- Number of producers who reported improved produce quality.
- Number of producers who reported that they expanded or developed new markets for specialty crops.
- Number of specialty crop growers who reported adoption of new technologies (acquisition of greenhouse, high tunnel, lighting, etc.)
- Number of specialty crop growers who reported improved management practices (soil sampling, foliar sampling, integrated pest management, cover cropping, etc.)
Method: Grower survey, direct observation and feedback, interactions with clients, and attendance at Extension educational events.
Timeline: ongoing
Sheep and Goat Production
Outcome: Increased knowledge and/or awareness of management practices to improve sheep and goat production efficiency
Indicator: Number of participants who reported an increase in knowledge and/or awareness of best practices for managing/raising small ruminants.
Method: Survey
Timeline: Immediately after program participation.
Outcome: Implementation or utilization of knowledge gained to make changes in management of small ruminant operations.
Indicator: Number of participants that have made changes to improve management of their small ruminant operation.
Method: Survey (post program)
Timeline: Follow-up survey or records from individual consultations
Outcome: Individuals gain financial management skills for small ruminant operations
Indicator: Number of individuals that participated in small ruminant financial management programs.
Method: Survey or records from individual consultations
Timeline:
Outcome: Gained knowledge and/or participated in direct marketing of lamb and goat.
Indicator:
- Number of individuals who increased their knowledge of direct marketing of small ruminants.
- Number of individuals who reported selling lamb and goat directly to consumer/retailer.
Method: Survey or records from individual consultations
Timeline: Ongoing
Beef
Outcome: Increased awareness of beef cattle quality assurance and care practices
Indicator: Number of participants who obtained BQCA certifications
Method: Post-program test
Timeline: After program participation or online
Outcome: Increased knowledge and/or awareness of management practices to improve cattle production efficiency
Indicator: Number of participants who reported an increase in their knowledge and/or awareness of management practices for improving cattle production efficiency.
Method: Survey
Timeline: At the program
Outcome: Implementation or utilization of knowledge gained to make changes in management of beef operation.
Indicator: Number of participants who reported making a change to improve their beef cattle management practices.
Method: Survey (post program) or records from individual consultations
Timeline: 6-12 months after program
Equine
Outcome: Increased Horse Management Knowledge
Indicator:
- Number of horse owners using hay selection and use based on forage testing evaluation
Method: Evaluation results and/or records from individual consultations
Timeline: ongoing
Outcome: Increased understanding of the horse industry
Indicator:
- Number of agent-led horse programing to their county programs.
- Number of agents supporting Pastures Please and Farm and Facility Expo in their area.
Method: Evaluation results and/or records from individual consultations
Timeline: ongoing
Livestock
Outcome: Increased livestock marketing knowledge
Indicator:
- Number of participants who report increasing their knowledge of livestock marketing.
- Number of individuals who implemented small ruminant financial management programs.
Method: Program evaluation tools/ surveys
Timeline: Ongoing
Outcome: Increased livestock management knowledge
Indicator: Number of livestock producers indicating increased understanding of farm management.
Method: Program evaluation tools / surveys
Timeline: Ongoing
Outcome: Increased awareness of and use of safe/effective pesticide application methods
Indicator:
- Number of certified applicators earning continuing education credit.
- Number of participants reporting an increase in knowledge on integrated pest management techniques.
- Number of participants reporting an increase in their use of risk mitigation strategies for pesticide application.
Method: Surveys at CEU events
Timeline:
Outcome: Increased understanding of veterinary arthropod pest identification
Indicator:
- Number of participants that report knowledge gain in identification skills of arthropods.
- Number of attendees that report behavior changes in pest monitoring.
Method: In person survey
Timeline: Immediately following Extension event
Poultry
Outcome: Increased knowledge and awareness of management practices to improve poultry production efficiency and food safety
Indicator:
- Number of participants indicating an increase in knowledge and/or awareness of poultry production
- Number of participants who demonstrated/reported improved eggs and/or poultry cooking skills.
- Number of participants who increased their knowledge of the equipment and methods used in meat processing.
- Number of participants who reported an increase in knowledge of animal harvesting and carcass fabrication skills.
- Number of participants who reported an increased knowledge of egg and/or poultry food safety practices.
- Number of participants indicating an increase in knowledge and/or awareness of poultry production.
- Number of participants reporting an increase in knowledge on integrated pest management techniques.
Method: Survey
Timeline: At the program
Outcome: Improved production practices
Indicator:
- Number of commercial participants who reported improving their plant production or management practices.
- Number of consumer participants who reported improving their plant production or management practices.
Method: Program evaluation tool/survey or records from individual consultations.
Timeline: After program participation.
Outcome: Stakeholders have knowledge and tools needed to better protect crops from diseases and understand the benefits of adopting best disease management practices and resistance mitigation. Stakeholders are more aware of UK plant pathology research
Indicator: Number of stakeholders who reported increased knowledge of research-based disease identification and management practices for crops grown in Kentucky and/or share that information with other stakeholders.
Method: Primarily surveys, records from consultations
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Early identification of potential disease outbreaks
Indicator:
- Number of stakeholders contacting Extension for help with disease identification and management.
- Number of plant samples submitted to the PDDL.
Method: Sample diagnosis through the PDDL, direct communication with Extension Specialists
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Improved production practices and economic return of production inputs
Indicator: Number of participants who report increased economic return from improved production practices recommended in Plant Production and Management-related Extension programs.
Method: Surveys, participant feedback, CES agent feedback
Timeline: Frequently to annual
Outcome: Improved production practices
Indicator: Number of producers who reported increased knowledge of crop and forage production, fertility management, varieties, pest control, and/or sustainable practices.
Method: Surveys
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Identification of diseases and abiotic problems in crops and forages
Indicator: Number of plant diagnoses made annually with diagnosis and recommendation reports sent to ANR agent and grower.
Method: ANR agent feedback, grower feedback
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Improved tobacco production practices, efficiency, and crop traceability
Indicator:
- Number of tobacco producers participating in annual GAP Training.
- Number of tobacco producers reporting higher scores on annual third-party GAP Certification audits.
Method: GAP Training survey, Third-party GAP audit administered by GAP Connections, Views of research data published on Dark and Burley Tobacco Web pages, views of Dark Tobacco in Kentucky and Tennessee Facebook page
Timeline: annual
Outcome: Improved adoption of best management practices and compliance with state regulations
Indicator: Number new applicator licenses awarded
Method: Survey and results from the KDA
Timeline: annual
Outcome: Improving forage and livestock management
Indicator: Number of participants that indicate high likelihood of implementation of improved forage and livestock management practices.
Method: Schools, workshops, conferences, and field days. Information from these events will also be pushed out through KY Forages YouTube Channel and Master Grazer Facebook page.
Timeline: Programs are provided one or more times annually at multiple locations throughout Kentucky
Outcome: Stakeholders have knowledge and tools needed to better protect crops from weeds and understand the benefits of adopting best management practices for weed and resistance mitigation. Stakeholders are more aware of UK weed science research
Indicator: Number of stakeholders who reported increased knowledge of research-based weed identification and/or weed management practices for crops grown in Kentucky.
Method: Primarily surveys, consultations
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Increased crop management knowledge and skills
Indicator:
- Number of participants who increased their knowledge of risk management tools.
- Number of participants who increased their use of risk management tools.
- Number of participants who reported increased knowledge of plant production and/or management practices.
- Number of participants who reported reducing their inputs or costs in their plant production
- Number of participants who reported increased efficiency in their plant production and/or management
Method: Attendance and program evaluations / surveys
Timeline: Ongoing
Outcome:
Indicator:
- Number of home or community gardeners who reported that they implemented environmental stewardship (pollinator gardens, rain catchment, etc.)
- Number of non-commercial growers who reported adoption of improved management practices (soil sampling, reduced pesticide applications, integrated pest management, etc.)
- Number of community members using or participating in public or community gardens
- Amount of produce donated from community gardens
Indicator:
- Number of Master Gardener volunteers who completed training
- Number of Master Gardener volunteer service hours
- Number of clients engaged by Master Gardeners
- Number of programs led by Master Gardeners
Outcome: Increased awareness of wildlife, forestry, and natural resources issues
Indicator:
- Number of participants who reported that they gained knowledge of wildlife.
- Number of participants who reported they gained their awareness of natural resources.
Method: Survey (Self-Assessment of Learning Gains)
Timeline: At program
Outcome: Increased management to address resources concerns
Indicator:
- Number of participants (or state agencies) who reported that they implemented wildlife damage management practices
Method: Follow-up Survey (Survey previous participants) and tracking number of management plans implemented by state agencies
Timeline: Annually
Outcome: Increased understanding of invasive arthropod identification
Indicator:
- Number of learners that report knowledge gain in identification skills
- Number of attendees that report knowledge gain in differentiating native and non-native arthropods (and close relatives)
Method: In person survey
Timeline: Immediately following Extension event
Outcome: Greater understanding of reporting invasive species to appropriate agencies
Indicator:
- Number of people self-reporting knowledge gain on how to properly report a sighting of an invasive insect, arachnid, or mollusk
- Number of people reporting behavioral changes in reporting and in support of invasive species monitoring methods
Method: In person survey and year later survey
Timeline: In person surveys at Extension events and digital surveys distributed one year later
Outcome: Increased awareness of and use of safe/effective pesticide application methods
Indicator:
- Number of certified applicators attending continuing education credit Extension events (both private and commercial)
- Number of people self-reporting knowledge gain on integrated pest management techniques
- Number of people self-reporting behavioral changes regarding risk mitigation strategies for pesticide application
Method: Surveys at CEU events
Youth
Outcome: Short-term
Indicator:
- Number of youth who reported that they have realized the impact animal and/or plant production has in daily life.
- Number of youth who reported that they have an interest in animal and/or plant production.
- Number of youth who reported that they have identified at least one job/career in animal and/or plant production and management that fits their interest.
- Number of youth who reported that they understand animal and/or production concepts and ideas.
- Number of participants in the county 4-H country ham program.
- Number of youth who reported that they have identified their interest in natural resources.?
- Number of youth who reported that they understand how their actions and choices impact natural resources and the environment.???
- Number of youth who reported that they understand natural resources concepts and ideas.
- Number of youth who reported that have set goals to become a good steward of natural resources.?
Method: Survey
Timeline: Immediate Post Program
Outcome: Medium-term
Indicator:
- Number of youth who reported that they have used the knowledge and/or skills gained in agriculture to make informed decisions.
- Number of youth who reported that they have taken steps to pursue gaining more knowledge for a job in animal and/or plant production based on their interests.
- Number of youth who reported that they used knowledge and/or skills gained in animal and/or plant production to complete a project.
- Number of youth who reported that they adopted/applied one or more animal and/or plant production practices.
- Number of youth who reported that have applied the skills they learned in natural resources to other areas of their life, including at home, school and other programs.
- Number of youth who reported that they have taken steps to conserve natural resources.
- Number of youth who reported that they have used their skills and/or knowledge gained to complete a natural resources project.
Method: Survey
Timeline: End of program year
Outcome: Long-term
Indicator: Long-term evaluation will be conducted using the National 4-H Index Study.
Method: Survey
Timeline: 1+ years
Learning Opportunities:
Audience: New Landowners
Project or Activity: Basics of Owning Land
Content or Curriculum: Small farm, diversification, small business planning
Inputs: UK publications, agents, specialists
Date(s): Winter 25-26
Audience: Small Farmers, Farmers Market Vendors
Project or Activity: Marketing for All
Content or Curriculum: Marketing for All
Inputs: Center for Crop Diversity
Date(s): Winter/Spring 25-26
Audience: Local Producers
Project or Activity: Rooted in Shelby
Content or Curriculum: Kentucky Proud, local foods awareness, marketing
Inputs: Kentucky Proud, local producers, local consumers
Date(s): Year-round
Audience: General Public
Project or Activity: Rooted in Shelby Pop-up Markets
Content or Curriculum: Kentucky Proud, local foods awareness, food availability
Inputs: Rooted in Shelby Members
Date(s): June-October, 2025
Audience: Ag and Hort Producers
Project or Activity: Produce Best Practices Training
Content or Curriculum: PBPT materials
Inputs: PBPT materials, specialists, agents
Date(s): March 2026
Audience: Ag and Hort Producers
Project or Activity: Private-use Pesticide Training
Content or Curriculum: Private-use Pesticide materials
Inputs: Private-use Pesticide videos, specialists, agents
Date(s): January/February 2026
Audience: Beef Producers
Project or Activity: Regional Beef Field Day
Content or Curriculum: Value-added Information, UK beef research
Inputs: Agents, specialists, industry experts
Date(s): October 2025
Audience: Livestock/Equine Producers
Project or Activity: Pasture and Grazing Management Courses
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, UK forage research and information
Inputs: Agents, specialists
Date(s): Fall 2025, Spring 2026
Audience: Small Ruminant Producers
Project or Activity: Small Ruminant School
Content or Curriculum: UK and KSU publications
Inputs: Specialists, agents
Date(s): Winter 2025-26
Audience: Beef Cattle Producers/Small Ruminant Producers
Project or Activity: BQCA/SRQA Training
Content or Curriculum: BQCA/SRQA curriculum
Inputs: BQCA/SRQA videos, handouts, agents, specialists
Date(s): Year-round
Audience: Livestock/Equine Producers
Project or Activity: Grazing Courses
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, research
Inputs: UK Specialists, agents
Date: Winter/Spring 25-26
Audience: Adults interested in raising chickens
Project or Activity: Small Flock Poultry Production
Content or Curriculum: UK/KSA poultry publications, research, processing information
Inputs: UK/KSA poultry specialists, local experts, processing equipment
Date: Fall 2025
Audience: Livestock/Equine Producers
Project or Activity: Livestock and Equine Health Seminar
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, research
Inputs: UK Specialists, KY State Veterinarian, local veterinarians, agents
Date: Winter 25-26
Audience: Livestock/Grain Producers
Project or Activity: Futures Marketing for Beginners
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, research
Inputs: UK Specialists, agents
Date: February 2026
Audience: Land Owners/Farmers
Project or Activity: Utilizing Cover Crops
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, research
Inputs: UK Specialists, agents
Date: August 2025
Audience: General Public
Project or Activity: Raising Rabbits for Meat
Content or Curriculum: Local experts
Inputs: Local experts
Date: September/October 2025
Audience: General Public
Project or Activity: Wildlife Management Course
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, research
Inputs: UK Specialists, agents
Date: Fall 2025
Audience: Livestock/Equine Producers
Project or Activity: Manure Management
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, research
Inputs: UK Specialists, agents
Date: Winter/Spring 25-26
Audience: General Public
Project or Activity: Raising Oyster Mushrooms in Buckets
Content or Curriculum: UK publications, research
Inputs: Agents
Date: Fall 2025
Audience: 4-H Youth
Project or Activity: Dairy Club Meetings and Activities
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Certified leaders, volunteers, curriculum
Date(s): Monthly
Audience: 4-H Youth
Project or Activity: Livestock Club Meetings and Activities
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Certified leaders, volunteers, curriculum
Date(s): Monthly
Audience: 4-H Youth
Project or Activity: Horse Club Meetings and Activities
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Certified leaders, volunteers, curriculum
Date(s): Monthly
Audience: 4-H Youth
Project or Activity: Rabbit and Poultry Club Meetings and Activities
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Curriculum, certified leaders, volunteer
Date: Monthly
Audience: 4-H Members
Project or Activity: Livestock, Dairy, Meats and Horse Judging
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Curriculum, certified leaders, local farms, volunteers
Date: February - June 2026
Audience: 4-H Members and Adults
Project or Activity: Country Ham Project
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Country Ham Curriculum
Inputs: Curriculum, curing supplies, ham house, volunteers, certified leader
Date: January - August 2026
Audience: 4-H Members
Project or Activity: 4-H Livestock Skillathon
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Curriculum, certified leaders, volunteer instructors
Date: September 2025 - February 2026
Audience: 4-H Members
Project or Activity: Livestock Quiz Bowl
Content or Curriculum: 4-H Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Curriculum, certified leaders, volunteer instructors
Date: September 2025 - February 2026
Audience: Shelby County 5th Grade Students
Project or Activity: Ag and You Day
Content or Curriculum: Livestock and Agriculture materials, AG in the Classroom, Animal Science Curriculum
Inputs: Agents, staff, Extension volunteers, community sponsors, Shelby County Public Schools, and community livestock producers
Date: October 2025
Audience: General Public interested in hunting, cooking wild game, and outdoors
Project or Activity: Field to Fork
Content or Curriculum: NEP Cook Wild Kentucky Resources, Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Field to Fork Resources
Inputs: Agents, staff, Extension volunteers, landowners, Parks and Recreation, KDFWR
Date: November 2026
Audience: General Public interested in fishing, cooking wild game, and outdoors
Project or Activity: Hook and Cook
Content or Curriculum: NEP Cook Wild Kentucky Resources, Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Hook and Cook Resources
Inputs: Agents, staff, Extension volunteers, landowners, Parks and Recreation, KDFWR
Date: April 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners
Project or Activity: Fruit and Vegetable Production Classes
Content of Curriculum: UK Publications, MG Curriculum
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: Spring of 2025 - 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners
Project or Activity: Master Gardener Classes/Program
Content of Curriculum: UK Publications, MG Curriculum, Guest Speakers
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Guest Speakers, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: Winter/Spring/Summer of 2025 - 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners, General Public
Project or Activity: Fruit Tree Pruning Demonstration
Content of Curriculum: Guest Speakers, Extension Publications
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Guest Speakers, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: February/March 2025 & 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners, General Public, Community Members
Project or Activity: Diagnostic Services
Content of Curriculum: Extension Publications, Specialists, UK Laboratories,
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: All Year Long
Audience: Home Gardeners, General Public, Community Members
Project or Activity: Soil, Water, Environment, and Plant Health Classes
Content of Curriculum: Extension Publications, Specialists, MG Curriculum
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Hort. Technician, UK Publications, Guest Speakers
Date: Spring of 2025 & 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners, General Public, Community Members
Project or Activity: Managing Invasive Species
Content of Curriculum: Extension Publications and Research, Specialists
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: Summer of 2025 & 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners, General Public, Community Members
Project or Activity: Native Plant Classes
Content of Curriculum: Extension Publications and Research, Specialists
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: Summer of 2025 & 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners, General Public, Community Members
Project or Activity: Plant Identification and Selection Classes
Content of Curriculum: Extension Publications and Research, Specialists
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: Summer and Fall of 2025 & 2026
Audience: Home Gardeners, General Public, Community Members
Project or Activity: Yearly Native Bareroot Tree Handouts
Content of Curriculum: Extension Publications, Shelby County Conservation District Resources
Inputs: Specialists, Agents, Hort. Technician, UK Publications
Date: March 2025 & 2026
Audience: Beekeepers, Community Members
Project or Activity: Shelby County Beekeepers Association
Content of Curriculum: State Beekeeper, KSU Beekeeping pubs
Inputs: Specialists, UK Publications, Local Beekeepers, Guest SpeakersKSU publications
Date: Monthly
Audience: Beekeepers, Community Members
Project or Activity: Basic Beekeeping Programs, Use of Honey Extraction Equipment
Content of Curriculum: State Beekeeper, KSU Beekeeping pubs
Inputs: Specialists, UK Publications, Local Beekeepers, Guest Speakers, KSU publications
Date: Available Yearly. Used Primarily in Spring.
Evaluation:
Outcome: Increased application of recommended horticultural practices for commercial and non-commercial production
Indicators:
- Number of people that implemented environmental stewardship.
- Number of people that reduced pesticide applications.
- Number of trained volunteers.
- Number of self-reported volunteer hours.
- Number of producers who reported reduced production inputs/costs.
- Number of producers who reported increased yield.
- Number of new or beginning specialty crop growers.
- Number of producers who reported improved produce quality.
- Number of producers who reported that they expanded or developed new markets for specialty crops.
- Number of specialty crop growers who reported adoption of new technologies (acquisition of greenhouse, high tunnel, lighting, etc.)
- Number of specialty crop growers who reported improved management practices (soil sampling, foliar sampling, integrated pest management, cover cropping, etc.)
Method: Grower survey, direct observation and feedback, interactions with clients, and attendance at Extension educational events.
Timeline: ongoing
Sheep and Goat Production
Outcome: Increased knowledge and/or awareness of management practices to improve sheep and goat production efficiency
Indicator: Number of participants who reported an increase in knowledge and/or awareness of best practices for managing/raising small ruminants.
Method: Survey
Timeline: Immediately after program participation.
Outcome: Implementation or utilization of knowledge gained to make changes in management of small ruminant operations.
Indicator: Number of participants that have made changes to improve management of their small ruminant operation.
Method: Survey (post program)
Timeline: Follow-up survey or records from individual consultations
Outcome: Individuals gain financial management skills for small ruminant operations
Indicator: Number of individuals that participated in small ruminant financial management programs.
Method: Survey or records from individual consultations
Timeline:
Outcome: Gained knowledge and/or participated in direct marketing of lamb and goat.
Indicator:
- Number of individuals who increased their knowledge of direct marketing of small ruminants.
- Number of individuals who reported selling lamb and goat directly to consumer/retailer.
Method: Survey or records from individual consultations
Timeline: Ongoing
Beef
Outcome: Increased awareness of beef cattle quality assurance and care practices
Indicator: Number of participants who obtained BQCA certifications
Method: Post-program test
Timeline: After program participation or online
Outcome: Increased knowledge and/or awareness of management practices to improve cattle production efficiency
Indicator: Number of participants who reported an increase in their knowledge and/or awareness of management practices for improving cattle production efficiency.
Method: Survey
Timeline: At the program
Outcome: Implementation or utilization of knowledge gained to make changes in management of beef operation.
Indicator: Number of participants who reported making a change to improve their beef cattle management practices.
Method: Survey (post program) or records from individual consultations
Timeline: 6-12 months after program
Equine
Outcome: Increased Horse Management Knowledge
Indicator:
- Number of horse owners using hay selection and use based on forage testing evaluation
Method: Evaluation results and/or records from individual consultations
Timeline: ongoing
Outcome: Increased understanding of the horse industry
Indicator:
- Number of agent-led horse programing to their county programs.
- Number of agents supporting Pastures Please and Farm and Facility Expo in their area.
Method: Evaluation results and/or records from individual consultations
Timeline: ongoing
Livestock
Outcome: Increased livestock marketing knowledge
Indicator:
- Number of participants who report increasing their knowledge of livestock marketing.
- Number of individuals who implemented small ruminant financial management programs.
Method: Program evaluation tools/ surveys
Timeline: Ongoing
Outcome: Increased livestock management knowledge
Indicator: Number of livestock producers indicating increased understanding of farm management.
Method: Program evaluation tools / surveys
Timeline: Ongoing
Outcome: Increased awareness of and use of safe/effective pesticide application methods
Indicator:
- Number of certified applicators earning continuing education credit.
- Number of participants reporting an increase in knowledge on integrated pest management techniques.
- Number of participants reporting an increase in their use of risk mitigation strategies for pesticide application.
Method: Surveys at CEU events
Timeline:
Outcome: Increased understanding of veterinary arthropod pest identification
Indicator:
- Number of participants that report knowledge gain in identification skills of arthropods.
- Number of attendees that report behavior changes in pest monitoring.
Method: In person survey
Timeline: Immediately following Extension event
Poultry
Outcome: Increased knowledge and awareness of management practices to improve poultry production efficiency and food safety
Indicator:
- Number of participants indicating an increase in knowledge and/or awareness of poultry production
- Number of participants who demonstrated/reported improved eggs and/or poultry cooking skills.
- Number of participants who increased their knowledge of the equipment and methods used in meat processing.
- Number of participants who reported an increase in knowledge of animal harvesting and carcass fabrication skills.
- Number of participants who reported an increased knowledge of egg and/or poultry food safety practices.
- Number of participants indicating an increase in knowledge and/or awareness of poultry production.
- Number of participants reporting an increase in knowledge on integrated pest management techniques.
Method: Survey
Timeline: At the program
Outcome: Improved production practices
Indicator:
- Number of commercial participants who reported improving their plant production or management practices.
- Number of consumer participants who reported improving their plant production or management practices.
Method: Program evaluation tool/survey or records from individual consultations.
Timeline: After program participation.
Outcome: Stakeholders have knowledge and tools needed to better protect crops from diseases and understand the benefits of adopting best disease management practices and resistance mitigation. Stakeholders are more aware of UK plant pathology research
Indicator: Number of stakeholders who reported increased knowledge of research-based disease identification and management practices for crops grown in Kentucky and/or share that information with other stakeholders.
Method: Primarily surveys, records from consultations
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Early identification of potential disease outbreaks
Indicator:
- Number of stakeholders contacting Extension for help with disease identification and management.
- Number of plant samples submitted to the PDDL.
Method: Sample diagnosis through the PDDL, direct communication with Extension Specialists
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Improved production practices and economic return of production inputs
Indicator: Number of participants who report increased economic return from improved production practices recommended in Plant Production and Management-related Extension programs.
Method: Surveys, participant feedback, CES agent feedback
Timeline: Frequently to annual
Outcome: Improved production practices
Indicator: Number of producers who reported increased knowledge of crop and forage production, fertility management, varieties, pest control, and/or sustainable practices.
Method: Surveys
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Identification of diseases and abiotic problems in crops and forages
Indicator: Number of plant diagnoses made annually with diagnosis and recommendation reports sent to ANR agent and grower.
Method: ANR agent feedback, grower feedback
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Improved tobacco production practices, efficiency, and crop traceability
Indicator:
- Number of tobacco producers participating in annual GAP Training.
- Number of tobacco producers reporting higher scores on annual third-party GAP Certification audits.
Method: GAP Training survey, Third-party GAP audit administered by GAP Connections, Views of research data published on Dark and Burley Tobacco Web pages, views of Dark Tobacco in Kentucky and Tennessee Facebook page
Timeline: annual
Outcome: Improved adoption of best management practices and compliance with state regulations
Indicator: Number new applicator licenses awarded
Method: Survey and results from the KDA
Timeline: annual
Outcome: Improving forage and livestock management
Indicator: Number of participants that indicate high likelihood of implementation of improved forage and livestock management practices.
Method: Schools, workshops, conferences, and field days. Information from these events will also be pushed out through KY Forages YouTube Channel and Master Grazer Facebook page.
Timeline: Programs are provided one or more times annually at multiple locations throughout Kentucky
Outcome: Stakeholders have knowledge and tools needed to better protect crops from weeds and understand the benefits of adopting best management practices for weed and resistance mitigation. Stakeholders are more aware of UK weed science research
Indicator: Number of stakeholders who reported increased knowledge of research-based weed identification and/or weed management practices for crops grown in Kentucky.
Method: Primarily surveys, consultations
Timeline: Annual
Outcome: Increased crop management knowledge and skills
Indicator:
- Number of participants who increased their knowledge of risk management tools.
- Number of participants who increased their use of risk management tools.
- Number of participants who reported increased knowledge of plant production and/or management practices.
- Number of participants who reported reducing their inputs or costs in their plant production
- Number of participants who reported increased efficiency in their plant production and/or management
Method: Attendance and program evaluations / surveys
Timeline: Ongoing
Outcome:
Indicator:
- Number of home or community gardeners who reported that they implemented environmental stewardship (pollinator gardens, rain catchment, etc.)
- Number of non-commercial growers who reported adoption of improved management practices (soil sampling, reduced pesticide applications, integrated pest management, etc.)
- Number of community members using or participating in public or community gardens
- Amount of produce donated from community gardens
Indicator:
- Number of Master Gardener volunteers who completed training
- Number of Master Gardener volunteer service hours
- Number of clients engaged by Master Gardeners
- Number of programs led by Master Gardeners
Outcome: Increased awareness of wildlife, forestry, and natural resources issues
Indicator:
- Number of participants who reported that they gained knowledge of wildlife.
- Number of participants who reported they gained their awareness of natural resources.
Method: Survey (Self-Assessment of Learning Gains)
Timeline: At program
Outcome: Increased management to address resources concerns
Indicator:
- Number of participants (or state agencies) who reported that they implemented wildlife damage management practices
Method: Follow-up Survey (Survey previous participants) and tracking number of management plans implemented by state agencies
Timeline: Annually
Outcome: Increased understanding of invasive arthropod identification
Indicator:
- Number of learners that report knowledge gain in identification skills
- Number of attendees that report knowledge gain in differentiating native and non-native arthropods (and close relatives)
Method: In person survey
Timeline: Immediately following Extension event
Outcome: Greater understanding of reporting invasive species to appropriate agencies
Indicator:
- Number of people self-reporting knowledge gain on how to properly report a sighting of an invasive insect, arachnid, or mollusk
- Number of people reporting behavioral changes in reporting and in support of invasive species monitoring methods
Method: In person survey and year later survey
Timeline: In person surveys at Extension events and digital surveys distributed one year later
Outcome: Increased awareness of and use of safe/effective pesticide application methods
Indicator:
- Number of certified applicators attending continuing education credit Extension events (both private and commercial)
- Number of people self-reporting knowledge gain on integrated pest management techniques
- Number of people self-reporting behavioral changes regarding risk mitigation strategies for pesticide application
Method: Surveys at CEU events
Youth
Outcome: Short-term
Indicator:
- Number of youth who reported that they have realized the impact animal and/or plant production has in daily life.
- Number of youth who reported that they have an interest in animal and/or plant production.
- Number of youth who reported that they have identified at least one job/career in animal and/or plant production and management that fits their interest.
- Number of youth who reported that they understand animal and/or production concepts and ideas.
- Number of participants in the county 4-H country ham program.
- Number of youth who reported that they have identified their interest in natural resources.?
- Number of youth who reported that they understand how their actions and choices impact natural resources and the environment.???
- Number of youth who reported that they understand natural resources concepts and ideas.
- Number of youth who reported that have set goals to become a good steward of natural resources.?
Method: Survey
Timeline: Immediate Post Program
Outcome: Medium-term
Indicator:
- Number of youth who reported that they have used the knowledge and/or skills gained in agriculture to make informed decisions.
- Number of youth who reported that they have taken steps to pursue gaining more knowledge for a job in animal and/or plant production based on their interests.
- Number of youth who reported that they used knowledge and/or skills gained in animal and/or plant production to complete a project.
- Number of youth who reported that they adopted/applied one or more animal and/or plant production practices.
- Number of youth who reported that have applied the skills they learned in natural resources to other areas of their life, including at home, school and other programs.
- Number of youth who reported that they have taken steps to conserve natural resources.
- Number of youth who reported that they have used their skills and/or knowledge gained to complete a natural resources project.
Method: Survey
Timeline: End of program year
Outcome: Long-term
Indicator: Long-term evaluation will be conducted using the National 4-H Index Study.
Method: Survey
Timeline: 1+ years
- Acting Associate Dean & Director — Craig Wood, Ph.D.
- S107 Ag. Science Center North
- Lexington, KY 40546-0091
- +1 (859) 257-4302
© 2024 University of Kentucky, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment